From Rāmānuja’s commentary
and denoted by 'dhyâna,' 'upâsanâ' (i. e. meditation), and similar terms
Abstention (viveka) means keeping the body clean from all food
Upāsana
Devout meditation
Definition
Sustained, devoted meditative contemplation directed at Brahman/the Self, discussed by both traditions in relation to the Veda's injunctions and to the process by which knowledge of Brahman is reached.
Related Jñāna · Rāmānuja, Liberation · Rāmānuja
Evidence from Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja and Madhva
Related sūtras
Where the commentaries discuss this concept. Open a sūtra to read the commentary context.
Rāmānuja
Viśiṣṭādvaita VedāntaMadhva
Dvaita VedāntaFrom Madhva’s commentary
The contemplation on the part of the gods of the members of the Lord as their source and abode is neces- sary to be made as declared in Scripture
unable to contemplate the qualities of Brahman, the contemplation of Vishnu as Brahman (the perfect) should at least be always remembered (practised) and never to be given up
From Madhva’s commentary
Contem- plation is of two kinds, one of remembrance, the other of deep meditation.
Meditation is explained by the wise to be uninterrupted course of conscious states
Meditation is far superior to (mere) remembrance
From Madhva’s commentary
Until release is obtained, meditation, etc., should be practised.
Till release let him always meditate on Him (the Lord); for even the released meditate on Him.
meditation should continue till the perception of Brahman rises
Likewise eternal and sincere devotion to the highest Brahman is necessary.
Śaṅkara
Advaita VedāntaFrom Śaṅkara’s commentary