Śaṅkaraon Brahma Sūtra 3.3.49

Our opponent has no right to determine, on the ground of prakara/?a, that the agnis arc subordinate to the sacri- ficial action, and so to set aside our view according to which they are independent. For we know from the Purv^ that direct enunciation (i'ruti), indicatory mark — (lihga), and syntactical connexion (vakya) are of greater force than leading subject-matter (prakara;/a), and all those three means of proof arc seen to confirm our view of the agnis being independent. In the first place we have the direct enunciation/ These agnis arc indeed knowledge-piled only.* In the second place we have the indicatory mark supplied by the passage, ‘ All beings ever pile for him sleeping,* &c. And in the third place we have the sentence, ‘ By know- ledge indeedf those (agnis) are piled for him who thus * knows. In the first of these passages the emphatical expression, ‘built by knowledge only,’ woufiPbe contradicted if wc ad- mitted that the agnis form part of the sacrificial action. But may this emphatical phrase not merely have the pur- — pose of indicating that those agnis are not to be accom- plished by external means ? No, we reply, for if that were intended, it would be sufficient to glorify the fact of know- ledge constituting the character of the agnis by means of the word ‘knowledge-piled,’ and the emphatical assertion (implied in the addition of the word ‘only*) would be useless. For it is the nature of such agnis to be accom- plished without any external means. But, although the agnis arc clearly to be accomplished without external means, yet it might be supposed that, like the mental cup, they form part of the sacrificial action, and the object of the emphatical assertion implied in ‘ only ’ is to discard that — suspicion. So likewise (to pass over to linga) the continuity of action implied in the passage, ‘ For him who thus knows whether sleeping or waking all beings always pile these agnis, ’ is possible only on the supposition of those agnis being independent. The case is analogous to that of the imaginary agnihotra consisting of speech and breath, with reference to which the text says at first, ‘ He offers his breath in his speech, he offers his speech in his breath,’ and then adds, ‘These two endless and immortal oblations he offers always whether waking or sleeping’ (Kau. Up. II, — 6). If, on the other hand, the imaginary agnis were parts of the sacrificial action it would be impossible for them to be accomplished continually, since —— the accomplishment of the sacrificial action itself occupies only a short time. —Nor may we suppose the passage (which contains the liiiga) to be a mere arthavAda-passage (in which case, as the purvapakshin avers, the liiiga would be unable to refute prakara;/a). For in those cases where we meet with an unmistakeable injunctory passage marked out as such by the use of the optative or imperative form—there indeed we may assume a glorificatory passage (met with in connexion with that injunctory passage) to be an arthavAda. In the present case, however, we observe no clear injunctory passage, and should therefore be obliged to construct one enjoining the knowledge of the various fanciful agnis, merely on the basis of the arthavada- passagc. But in that case the injunction can be framed only in accordance with the arthavada, and as the arthavdda speaks of the continual building of the agnis, the latter item would have to appear in the injunction also. But, if so, it follows (as shown above) that the mental construction of those agnis constitutes an independent vidya (and does not form part of the actual — agni/'ayana). The same argument- ation applies to the second linga-passage quoted above, ‘Whatever those beings conceive in their minds,* &c.—And the sentence finally shows, by means of the clause, ‘ For him who thus knows,’ that those agnis are connected with a special class of men (viz. those who thus know), and are therefore not to be connected with the sacrificial action. For all these reasons the view of those agnis constituting an independent vidya is preferable.