Brahman

What is ultimate reality?

Brahman is the ultimate reality investigated throughout the Brahma Sūtras.

All three traditions agree on that, but they characterize that reality very differently, as the accounts below show.

A luminous sun over Himalayan peaks, with a river winding through forested valleys and temple towers.

The sole, non-dual ultimate reality, identical with the Self (Atman) of every being, whose essential nature is eternal purity, intelligence, and freedom. Brahman is the omniscient, omnipotent cause of the origin, subsistence, and dissolution of the world, but this causal description is itself only a provisional characterization pointing to a reality whose own nature is prior to and independent of being a cause at all.

Read Śaṅkara’s interpretation →

The Supreme Person (Purushottama), free from all imperfection, possessing infinite auspicious qualities (knowledge, blessedness, omniscience, omnipotence, supreme mercy), from whom the creation, subsistence, and reabsorption of the world proceed, and who is the ruler and inner Self of all souls and matter, which constitute His body. Ramanuja explicitly denies that Brahman can be a substance devoid of all difference or attributes.

Read Rāmānuja’s interpretation →

Brahman is the Lord Hari (Vishnu): the one independent Person from whom the origin, subsistence, dissolution, order, enlightenment, nescience, bondage and release of all beings proceed, to whom every name in Scripture ultimately refers, and who dwells within all beings as their ruler, on whose will their states, their bondage and their release depend.

Read Madhva’s interpretation →